基于价值-信念-规范理论的牧民草原生态价值认知与行为响应研究——以青藏高原牧区为例

摘要：草地生态系统是我国陆地面积最大的生态系统类型之一。有“世界第三极”之称的青藏高原既是世界上最为独特的生态地域单元，又是我国重要牧区，更是典型生态脆弱区。近年来，在人类活动胁迫下，自然生态系统碎片化趋势明显，水源涵养功能下降、生物多样性减少等生态服务功能下降，已影响全国乃至整个亚洲地区的生态安全。

牧民是草原资源的最直接利用者和草原生态环境保护的行动者。源自于牧民个体草原环境认知的自我管理机制基础上的主动参与和有力监督是草原生态保护的根本和基础。本文基于价值-信念-规范理论（VBN）构建牧民、草原生态价值认知与行为响应分析框架和研究假设，以甘南州黄河水源补给区和祁连山国家自然保护核心区肃南县牧区的281个牧民的入户调查数据为基础，利用结构方程模型对牧民、草原生态价值认知与行为响应进行了实证研究，结果表明：（1）青藏高原牧区牧民对于草原生态环境价值的认知与行为符合价值-信念-规范行为范式。同时，牧民、的利生物圈价值观、生态世界观、道德规范、责任归因和环境责任行为之间存在逐级以及跨级影响的关系，形成了一条复杂的等级影响链，且各级影响的强度及效果有所差异。牧民的利生物圈价值观正向影响其生态世界观（亲环境观念），影响路径系数为0.601；生态世界观正向影响道德规范（影响路径系数为0.179），进而正向作用于牧民、的责任归因，增强个体行为的社会责任感（路径系数为0.272）。牧民、的责任归因有利于促进个体亲环境行为，其影响路径系数为0.158。（2）牧民对草原生态系统服务多功能价值的认知和草原生态环境保护意愿普遍较高。但由于草原生态的公共资源特征，易诱发牧民、对当地政府草原生态治理的强依赖，产生“搭便车”行为。牧民将强保护意愿转化为实际行为的动力不足，草原生态环境价值的牧民认知与其行为不协调。（3）牧民生计能力及其拥有的社会网络、社会信任和社会规范等社会资本是影响牧民草原生态环境保护意识与行为的重要因素。在当前牧民生计由资源依赖型模式向非资源依赖型模式转变过程中，信仰、宗教、文化等非正式制度安排对牧民亲环境价值观塑造具有重要的作用。

The value recognition and behavior response of herdsman to rangeland ecology based on VBN theory – a case study in the stock-raising district of Qinghai-Tibet

Abstract: Grassland is one of the largest ecosystems in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, called “world’s third pole” is not only the most unique ecological regional unit in the world, but also important pastoral area and typical ecologically fragile area. Recent years, under the stress of human activities, the natural ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet showed obvious fragment trend and decreasing ecosystem service functions including the declining function of water conservation and biodiversity reduction, which had influenced the ecological security in China and even the whole Asian.

 Herdsmen were the most direct users of rangeland resources and practitioners of rangeland ecological environment protection. Initiative participation and strong supervision based on the self-management mechanism coming from the herdsmen’s individual cognition of rangeland environment was the fundament of rangeland ecological protection. In this paper, the structural equation model in conjunct with survey dataset of 281 coming from herdsman in the water supply areas of Yellow River, Gannan autonomous prefecture and stock-raising district of National Nature Reserve core area in Qilian Mountains, Sunan County were used into case study of herdsman’s behavior response and value recognition for rangeland ecology under the analytical framework and study hypothesis of herdsmen’s value cognition and behavior response to rangeland ecology based on Value-Belief-Norm theory. The results showed that: (1) the recognition and action on value of rangeland ecology and environment from herdsman in the stock-raising district of Qinghai-Tibet were responding to rules of VBN. Meanwhile, there were step-by-step and cross-step impacting relationships between values of biosphere, world view of ecology, norm of morality, attribution of responsibility and behavior of environmental responsibility, which composed a complicated grading chain, and the impacting intensity and effect for each degree were slightly different. The values of biosphere of herdsman positively impacted on their world view of ecology with 0.601 of impacting path coefficient. Simultaneously, world view of ecology positively impacted on norm of morality (0.179 of impacting path coefficient), which further positively impacted on their attribution of responsibility and reinforced the social responsibility of individual behavior (0.272 of impacting path coefficient). The attribution of responsibility was benefit to promoting their individually friendly behavior for environment with 0.158 of impacting path coefficient. There were higher aspiration and recognition for protecting of rangeland ecology and environment and multi-function values of rangeland ecosystem services. But, due to the public characteristic of rangeland ecology, which easily triggered strong dependence for herdsman on rangeland ecological governance guided by local government and caused the action of hitchhiking. The aspiration of translation from intensive protecting willing to practical behavior for herdsman was weaker, and it was not consistent between the recognition and behavior for herdsman on values of rangeland ecology and environment. (3) The social resources such as life capability for herdsman and their owning social relationship network, social confidence and social norm were the critical factor influencing the realization and behavior for herdsman on protecting of rangeland ecology and environment. During the translating processing from resource-dependence pattern to resource-independence pattern of life-capability for herdsman in present-day, the informal rule arrangements e.g. faith, religion and culture were importantly impacted on construction of their values about friendly treating to environment.