云南丽江拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物调查及保护评估
2007-08-28 08:00:00 来源：云南花卉 浏览次数：
云南丽江拉市海流域杜鹃花属
植物调查及保护评估
An Investigation and Conservation Assessment of
Rhododendron Species
in the Lashihai Action Site
执笔 方震东
By Fang Zhendong
云南中甸高山植物园 方震东、和光
Fang Zhendong & He Guang
Zhongdian Alpine Botanical Garden, Yunnan
美国大自然保护协会云南办事处丽江办公室 木劲华
Mu Jinghua
Lijiang Office, Yunnan Representative, The Nature Conservancy, USA
2001年7月22日
July 22, 2001
内容 Contents
前言 Foreword
1． 拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类名单
The Checklist of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site
2． 拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类的稀有性及特有性分析
An Analysis of Rarity and Endemism of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site
3． 拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类的保护现状评价
An Assessment of Conservation Status of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site
4． 拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类的保护意见及建议
Recommendations for Conservation Targets of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site
5． 拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物标本数据库
Specimen Data Base of Rhododendron in the Lashihai Action Site
前 言Foreword
杜鹃花属约有850种，广布于欧、亚、北美，主产于东亚和东南亚，仅1种延至热带澳大利亚。中国约650种，主要集中分布在云南西北部、西藏东南部和四川西南部。云南有227种。
本属植物在种的水平上表现出高度的特有性，只有少数广布种，多数为区域性特有种。因此，研究杜鹃花属种类地理分布的特有现象，对于制定生物多样性保护规划，探该属植物的起源与演化等科学问题具有重要参考价值。
本项调查分析在美国大自然保护协会云南代表处丽江办公室的资助和协助下完成。
The genus Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) has 850 species, which distribute in N Hemisphere (Europe 7, China 650), especially in Himalayas, SE Asian and Malaysia mountains (155 endemic species in New Guinea). Only 1 species extends into tropical Australia. China has 650 species, which congregate in NW Yunnan, SE Xizang and SW Sichuan mostly. There are 227 species in Yunnan.
Rhododendron has a highly endemism on the genus level. Most species of Rhododendron are strictly endemic to a specific region, e.g. Rhododendron russatum is only endemic to NW Yunnan. Only few species occupy a relatively wide distribution area. Therefore, to study the endemic phenomena of their geographical distribution is helpful for to make a bio-diversity conservation plan and for to understand their origination and evolution.
The investigation and analysis was finished under the support of Lijiang Office of Yunnan Representative of The Nature Conservancy USA. Mr Mu Jinhua took part in the field trip to Lashihai region helping in collection and recording geography data; Mr Liu Dachang revised the report carefully and contributed his original ideas.
1．拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类名单
（限于上南尧、洋芋厂和文海）(Lashihai region refer to Upper Nanyao, Yangyuchang and Wenhai villages)
The Checklist of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site (defined as Upper Nanyao/Yangyuchang and Wenhai)
这次野外调查，实际采集到18种杜鹃花属种类的标本，另根据吕正伟等人2000年7月20日的《丽江县拉市乡南尧西村自然资源和保护战略》补充了4种。
Specimen of 18 rhododendron species were collected from the field during this trip to Lashihai region in July 11-13, 2001. Another 4 species were supplemented according to the report by Luzhengwei et all.
1) 腺房杜鹃Rhododendron adenogynum Diels
2) 团花杜鹃Rhododendron anthosphaerum Diels
3) 卵叶杜鹃Rhododendron callimorphum Balf. f. et W. W. Smith
4) 楔叶杜鹃 Rhododendron cuneatum W. W. Smith*
5) 大白花杜鹃Rhododendron decorum Franch.
6) 马缨花 Rhododendron delavayi Franch. *
7) 密枝杜鹃Rhododendron fastigiatum Franch.
8) 假乳黄杜鹃Rhododendron fictolacteum Balf. f.
9) 亮鳞杜鹃Rhododendron heliolepes Franch. *
10) 灰背杜鹃 Rhododendron hippophaeoides Balf. f. & W. W. Smith*
11) 露珠杜鹃Rhododendron irroratum Franch.
12) 山育杜鹃Rhododendron oreotrephes W. W. Smith
13) 缨草杜鹃Rhododendron primulaeflorum Bur. et Franch.
14) 腋花杜鹃Rhododendron racemosum Franch.
15) 红棕杜鹃Rhododendron rubiginosum Franch.
16) 紫蓝杜鹃Rhododendron russatum Balf. f. & Forrest**
17) 单色杜鹃Rhododendron tapetiforme Balf. f. & Ward
18) 硬叶杜鹃Rhododendron tatsienense Franch.
19) 棕背川滇杜鹃Rhododendron traillianum Forrest et W. W. Smith var. dictyatum (Tagg.) Chamberlain
20) 紫玉盘杜鹃Rhododendron uvarifolium Diels
21) 亮叶杜鹃Rhododendron vernicosum Franch.
22) 云南杜鹃Rhododendron yunnanense Franch.
注释Notes：
*我们调查时未采集到该种标本。根据吕正伟等，《丽江县拉市乡南尧西村自然资源和保护战略》，2000年7月20日。
**模式标本产于丽江。
*According to the report of the nature resource and conservation stratagem of Lashihai region in Lijiang county (July 20, 2000). Spescimen could not be collected in our trip.
**The topotype was collected in Lijiang.
检索表Key to Species
1 (45) 花序顶生
2 (22) 植株不具鳞片，通常被各式毛被或无毛
3 (12) 叶背通常无毛，成叶毛被多少脱落；花梗和子房通常具腺体，无毛
4 (9) 花通常6-7基数；雄蕊数较多，12-18；果大而粗壮，近直立
5 (8)子房及花柱有腺体
6 (7) 花丝无毛……………………………………………………...……..亮叶杜鹃 R. venicosum
7 (6)花丝下部被柔毛…………………………………………………....大白花杜鹃 R. decorum
8 (5)子房无毛及无腺体……………………………………………..团花杜鹃 R. anthosphaerum
9 (4) 花5基数；雄蕊10；
10 (11) 叶卵形或阔椭圆形，基部心形；果细长，极弯弓……………卵叶杜鹃 R. callimorphum
11 (10) 叶披针形或倒披针形，基部钝或楔形；果长圆柱形…………...…露珠杜鹃 R. irroratum
12 (3) 叶背密被绵毛或绒毛
13 (21) 叶背被二层毛被，上层毛被为特异的杯状或漏斗状复毛组成……………………………
…………………………………………………………………...假乳黄杜鹃 R. fictolacteum
14 (13) 叶背毛被不为上述，被绒毛或绵毛
15 (16) 花冠具明显的蜜腺囊，通常肉质，深红色，不具色点…………….…马缨花 R. delavayi
16 (15) 花冠基部无蜜腺囊，不为肉质，白色至蔷薇色，常具色点
17 (18) 子房无毛，细长；果狭长，镰状弯弓…………………………紫玉盘杜鹃 R. uvarifolium
18 (17) 子房密被毛或有毛和腺体；果直或微弯，但不成镰状弯弓
19 (20) 花萼大，长5毫米以上；子房多少有腺体……………………..腺房杜鹃 R. adenogynum
20 (19) 花萼小，长1-2毫米。
21 (13) 叶背背薄层细绒毛…………………………………………….……川滇杜鹃 R. traillianum
22 (2) 植株具有鳞片
23 (32) 灌木，稀为小乔木；叶远较大
24 (25) 叶背鳞片邻接，密集覆瓦状…………………………………..…红棕杜鹃 R. rubiginosum
25 (24) 叶背鳞片不邻接
26 (27) 叶常绿或半落叶，叶被鳞片疏生，相距为其直径的2-6倍……云南杜鹃 R. yunnanense
27 (26) 叶常绿，叶被鳞片邻接或不邻接，不邻接的鳞片相距不大
28 (29) 叶片两端钝圆，基部有时微凹而呈浅心型，上面无鳞片，两面灰绿
色…………………………………………………………………….山育杜鹃 R. oreotrephes
29 (28) 叶片两端渐尖或渐狭，
30 (31) 叶较大………………………………………………………….……..亮鳞杜鹃 R. heliolepes
31 (30) 叶较小，下面淡绿色………………………………………………..硬叶杜鹃 R. tatsienense
32 (23) 垫状矮小灌木；叶小至极小；花小。
33 (34) 花冠高脚碟状；雄蕊和花柱内藏于花冠筒内……………..…缨草杜鹃 R. primulaefolium
34 (33) 花冠不为上述情况。
35 (36) 叶背鳞片无光泽（不透明），白色或带粉红色………………….密枝杜鹃 R. fastigiatum
36 (35) 叶背鳞片不为上述情况
37 (38) 花冠长20毫米以上……………………………………………….….楔叶杜鹃 R. cuneatum
38 (37) 花冠小于20毫米
39 (42) 叶背鳞片单一色
40 (41) 叶背鳞片色淡，麦杆色或淡黄褐色…………………………..灰背杜鹃 R. hippophaeoides
41 (40) 叶背鳞片红棕色或褐色，萼片短于2毫米，叶背赤褐色………单色杜鹃 R. tapetiforme
42 (39) 叶背鳞片二色
43 (44) 萼片无鳞片中央带…………………………………….……………...紫蓝杜鹃 R. russatum
44 (43) 萼片有鳞片中央带………………………………………………..…多色杜鹃 R. rupicolum
45 (1) 花序侧生，即仅生于枝条上部叶腋………..……………………..腋花杜鹃 R. racemosum
2.拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类的稀有性及特有性分析
An Analysis of Rarity and Endemism of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site
分析出现在流域域内22个杜鹃花属种类的地理分布的特有程度，得出以下结果*：
Through the analysis of the endemism of every species known to occur in the Lashihai region, we get the following distribution patterns:
1. SW China & SE Asian, 1 species…………….R. delavayi
1. Endemic to China, 21 species
2. SW China……………………………R. racemosum, R. yunnanense
3. Hengduan Mts. & Yunnan et Guizhou Plateau, 4 species, including the following 4 distribution patterns:
4. NE Yunnan & DCZM-H………………….. R. oreotrephes
4.NE Yunnan & DC-H…………………..R. rubiginosum
4.Yunnna & DC-H……………………….R. irroratum
4.Yunnan et Guizhou Plateau & DCZ-H…………..R. decorum
3.Endemic to Hengduan Mts., 15 species, including the following 7 distribution patterns:
l NW Yunnan (D-H)…………………R. fastigiatum, R. russatum
l W Yunnan et N Myanmar (DM-H) …………….R. callimorphum
l DC-H………..R. cuneatum, R. hippophaeoides et R. tatsienense
l DZM-H……..R. fictolacteum, R. heliolepis et R. tapetiforme
l DCZ-H……..R. adenogynum, R. traillianum var. dictyatum, R. uvarifolium, R. vernicosum
l DCZM-H………………………..R. anthosphaerum
l DCZG-H………………………..R. primulaefolium
Note
D-Dian, Yunnan; C-Chuan, Sichuan; Z-Zang, Xizang (Tibet); Q-Qian, Guizhou; G-Gansu; M-Myanmar(Burma), esp. N Myanmar; H-The Great Hengduan Mountains,
1.中国西南及东南亚分布1种：……………………………..……马缨花
1.中国特有分布 21种
2.中国西南特有分布2种…………………………腋花杜鹃、云南杜鹃
3.中国横断山区及云贵高原分布 4种，包括以下4个分布式样：
l 滇东北及滇西北、川西南、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（N. E. Yunnan & DCZM-H）1种…………山育杜鹃
l 滇东北及滇西北、川西南横断山区特有分布（N. E. Yunnan & DC-H）1种…………………………………………红棕杜鹃
l 云南、川西南特分布（Yunnan & DC-H）1种……..露珠杜鹃
l 云贵高原至滇西北、川西南和藏东南横断山区特有分布（YG-P & DCZ-H）1种…………………………...大白花杜鹃
3.中国横断山区分布 15种，包括以下7种分布式样：
l 滇西北横断山区特有分布（D-H）2种………………………………………….密枝杜鹃、紫蓝杜鹃
l 滇西及滇西北和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DM-H）1种……………………………………………………….卵叶杜鹃
l 滇西北和川西南横断山区特有分布（DC-H）3种…………………………….楔叶杜鹃、灰背杜鹃、硬叶杜鹃
l 滇西北、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DZM-H）3种………………………..假乳黄杜鹃、亮鳞杜鹃、单色杜鹃
l 滇西北、川西南和藏东南横断山区特有分布（DCZ-H）4种……….腺房杜鹃、棕背川滇杜鹃、紫玉盘杜鹃、亮叶杜鹃
l 滇西及滇西北、川西南、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DCZM-H）1种……………………………...团花杜鹃
l 滇西北、川西、藏南及藏东南、甘肃南部横断山区特有分布（DCZG-H）1种……………………………………...缨草杜鹃
注释:
*：D??滇，云南；C??川，四川；Z??藏，西藏；Q??黔，贵州；G-甘肃；M??缅甸东北部；H??横断山区；
1)腺房杜鹃Rhododendron adenogynum Diels
属于滇西北、川西南和藏东南横断山区特有分布（缩写为DCZ-H）。见于海拔3400-4200米的冷杉-杜鹃群落和高山杜鹃群落中。较常见。流域内见于上南尧5社洋芋厂后山西向坡面海拔3600-3800米以棕背川滇杜鹃占优势的高山杜鹃群落中。数量较多。
The species belongs to DCZ-H Pattern, can be seen in Fir-Rhododendron Community between 3400-4200m as well as Alpine Rhododendron Community frequently. In Lashihai region it only can be seen in alpine Rhododendron Community dominated by R. traillianum on west faced slope between 3600-3800m of Yangyuchang, Upper Nanyao. Its quantity is relatively rich.
2)团花杜鹃Rhododendron anthosphaerum Diels
属于滇西及滇西北、川西南、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DCZM-H）。常见于落叶阔叶林、铁杉林和针阔叶混交林下亚层。流域内出现于东向坡面川滇高山栎林下（较少见）、和文海北面针阔叶混交林下亚层（较多）。
The species belongs to DCZM-H Pattern, can be seen in the sub-stratum of the Decidural forest, Tsuga forest and Mixed Forest often. In the Lashihai region it only can be seen in Quercus aquifolioides Forest on east faced slope and in sub-stratum of Mixed Forest in Wenhai.
3)卵叶杜鹃Rhododendron callimorphum Balf. f. et W. W. Smith
属于滇西及滇西北和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DM-H）。整个滇西北较少见。流域内仅见于上南尧西村七社-5社洋芋厂途中东向坡面的硬叶高山栎林下，只发现一株，极少见，应该列为保护对象之一。
The species belongs to DM-H Pattern, hardly occurs in NW Yunnan. In the Lashihai region it only has 1 plant seen under the Quercus Forest on east faced slope. It should be considered as one of conservation target.
4)楔叶杜鹃 Rhododendron cuneatum W. W. Smith
属于滇西北和川西南横断山区特有分布（DC-H）。本种与紫蓝杜鹃（Rhododendron russatum）十分相似，唯本种花冠较大，长于2厘米而不同。本种是否成立有待研究。如果成立，应该是很稀见的种类，应该列为流域内的保护对象。
The species belongs to DC-H Pattern. It’s similar to R. russatum, but this species has a longer corolla above 2 cm than the later. It is worth to study the species further if it could be an independent species. If so, it should be a rare species and should be considered as one of the conservation target in the Lashihai region.
5)大白花杜鹃Rhododendron decorum Franch.
属于云贵高原至滇西北、川西南和藏东南横断山区特有分布（YG-P & DCZ-H）。云南松林下十分常见。流域内云南松林下也很常见。
The species belongs to YG-P & DCZ-H Pattern, which is usually seen under the Yunnan Pine Forest and also often occurs in the Yunnan Pine Forest in the Lashihai region.
6)马缨花 Rhododendron delavayi Franch.
属于中国西南及东南亚分布。常见。滇西北迪庆藏族自治州以北没有出现。根据吕正伟等人调查认为本种广布于流域南尧西村海拔2500-3000米的向阳山坡。但我们此次调查路线上未遇该种。
It belongs to SW China & SE Asian Pattern, which is common occurring in Yunnan and not across the south of Diqing Prefecture. Mr Luzhenwei et all thought it distributed in west villages of Nanyao on the sunny slopes between 2500-3000m, but we did not seen the species in our trip.
7)密枝杜鹃Rhododendron fastigiatum Franch.
属于滇西北横断山区特有分布（D-H）。高山砾石灌丛植被地带较常见。流域内主要分布于南尧东村五社洋芋厂白头山一带。
It belongs to D-H Pattern, which is frequently in alpine shrubs. It occurs in Baitoushan (White Head Mountain) Yangyuchang Upper Nanyao of the Lashihai region.
8)假乳黄杜鹃Rhododendron fictolacteum Balf. f.
属于滇西北、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DZM-H）。生于铁杉-阔叶混交林或冷杉-杜鹃群落中。滇西北较少见，中甸哈巴雪山-天宝雪山东面较多见。但在流域内较少见，发现于文海西边东向山坡的冷杉-杜鹃群落中。数量不多。可以列为保护对象之一。
It belongs to DZM-H Pattern, which grows in Tsuga Forest (Mixed Forest) and Fir-Rhododendron Communities. It is rare in NW Yunnan. Only few were found in Fir-Rhododendron Communities of West Wenhai, but there are more plants on east faced slopes of Tianbao and Haba Snow Mt. regions in Zhgongdian County. It is one of national second grade protected plants. The species also could be one of the conservation targets in the Lashihai region.
9)亮鳞杜鹃Rhododendron heliolepes Franch.
属于滇西及滇西北、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DZM-H）。冷杉-杜鹃群落中较常见，但数量不丰。根据吕正伟等人调查见于Niujianbao山海拔2800-3500米地带，我们此次调查没有发现。
It belongs to DZM-H Pattern, which is frequent in Fir-Rhododendron Communities, but poor in quantity. Mr Luzhenwei et all found the species in Niujianbao Mt. between 2800-3500m. We did not see it in our trip.
10) 灰背杜鹃 Rhododendron hippophaeoides Balf. f. & W. W. Smith
属于滇西北、川西南横断山区特有分布（DC-H）。中甸高原亚高山草甸中常见。根据吕正伟等人调查见于Xiaogtuoli海拔3000-3400米的潮湿地断，我们此次调查没有发现。
It belongs to DC-H Pattern, which is frequent in sub-alpine meadows in Zhongdian Plateau. Mr Luzhenwei et all found at wet places in Xiaogtuoli area between 3000-3400m. We did not see it in our trip.
11) 露珠杜鹃Rhododendron irroratum Franch. var. irroratum
属于云南、川西南特分布（Yunnan & DC-H）。云南全省广布。流域内较常见。
It belongs to Yunnan & DC-H Pattern, which widely distributes in the whole Yunnan Province. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.
12) 山育杜鹃Rhododendron oreotrephes W. W. Smith
属于滇东北及滇西北、川西南、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（NE Yunnan & DCZM-H）。滇西北较常见，数量较多。流域内仅见于南尧东村五社洋芋厂后山，少见。
It belongs to NE Yunnan & DCZM-H Pattern, which is frequent in NW Yunnan and abundant in quantity. It’s only seen in the mountain of Yangyuchang Upper Nanyao of the Lashihai region.
13) 缨草杜鹃Rhododendron primulaeflorum Bur. et Franch.
属于滇西北、川西、藏南及藏东南、甘肃南部横断山区特有分布型（DCZG-H）。高山砾石杜鹃灌丛中常见，常常形成以其占优势的群落。流域内洋芋厂白头山一带较多。
It belongs to DCZG-H Pattern, which is common in alpine heath and dominates the community. It could be found in the Baitou Mt. Yangyuchang Upper Nanyao of the Lashihai region.
14) 腋花杜鹃Rhododendron racemosum Franch.
属于中国西南特有分布（SW China）。松林、松-栎混交林下十分常见。流域内也很常见。
It belongs to SW China Pattern, which is very common in pine forest and pine & oak mixed forest. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.
15) 红棕杜鹃Rhododendron rubiginosum Franch.
属于滇东北及滇西北、川西南横断山区特有分布（NE Yunnan & DC-H）。十分普遍，常见大面积群落。流域内也很常见。
It belongs to NE Yunnan & DC-H Pattern, which is very common. It usually constitutes a big community. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.
16) 紫蓝杜鹃Rhododendron russatum Balf. f. & Forrest
属于滇西北横断山区特有分布（D-H）。丽江为其模式产地，据载也产于中甸、维西和德钦，但很少见。可列为保护目标之一。
It belongs to D-H Pattern. Lijiang is the original place of topotype. It is reported that the species also distributes in Zhongdian, Weixi and Deqing, but hardly to see in the field. It could be considered as one of the conservation targets in the Lashihai region.
17) 单色杜鹃Rhododendron tapetiforme Balf. f. & Ward
属于滇西北、藏东南和缅甸东北部横断山区特有分布（DZM-H）。高山砾石矮杜鹃灌丛植被中常见。流域内分布于洋芋厂白头山一带。
It belongs to DZM-H Pattern, which normally grows in alpine heath. It occurs in Baitoushan Yangyuchang of the Lashihai region.
18) 硬叶杜鹃Rhododendron tatsienense Franch.
属于滇西北、川西南横断山区特有分布（DC-H）。滇西北较少见。流域见于文海北面松林下，较少见。
It belongs to DC-H Pattern, which is rare in NW Yunnan. It only occurs under pine forest in N Wenhai.
19) 棕背川滇杜鹃Rhododendron traillianum Forrest et W. W. Smith var. dictyatum (Tagg.) Chamberlain
属于滇西北、川西南和藏东南横断山区特有分布（DCZ-H）。该种是构成冷杉-杜鹃群落和高山杜鹃群落的优势种，常见。流域洋芋厂白头山杜鹃林主要优势种类即为本变种。
It belongs to DCZ-H Pattern. It is the dominated species in Fir-Rhododendron Community and Alpine Rhododendron Community, common. The Rhododendron Forest on Baitoushan Yangyuchang called by local Yi people is composed of this species mostly.
20) 紫玉盘杜鹃Rhododendron uvarifolium Diels
属于滇西北、川西南和藏东南横断山区特有分布（DCZ-H）。常见于落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林等林下。流域内见于川滇高山栎林下，少见。
It belongs to DCZ-H Pattern, which is frequent under deciduous broad-leaf forest, mixed forest. It only can be seen in Quercus aquifolioides Forest in the Lashihai region, rare.
21) 亮叶杜鹃Rhododendron vernicosum Franch.
属于滇西北、川西南和藏东南横断山区特有分布（DCZ-H）。中甸高原常见。流域内少见。
It belongs to DCZ-H Pattern, which is very common on Zhongdian Plateau. But it is rare in the Lashihai region.
22) 云南杜鹃Rhododendron yunnanense Franch.
属于中国西南特有分布（S. W. China）。常见，流域内也较常见。
It belongs to SW China Pattern, which is very common. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.
3. 拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类的保护现状评价
An Assessment of Conservation Status of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site
拉市海流域杜鹃花属种类主要分布于以下7种植被类型之中：
1、 云南松林（山坡）
2、 寒温山地硬叶常绿栎类林
3、 温凉性针阔叶混交林（沟谷及背阴山坡）
4、 丽江云杉林
5、 长苞冷杉林
6、 大果红杉林
7、 寒温灌丛
Species of Rhododendron usually occur in the following kinds of vegetation types:
1. Yunnan Pine Forest (slope)
2. Cold-Temperate Mountain Hard-leaf Evergreen Oak Forest
3. Temperate Needle and Broad Leaf Mixed Forest (valley or shaded slopes)
4. Lijiang Spruce Forest
5. George Fir Forest
6. Macro-cone Larch Forest
7. Cold-Temperate shrubs
云南松林在拉市海流域分布面积最广，主要出现在海拔3000米以下的南向坡面上，其中常见的是腋花杜鹃和云南大白花杜鹃两种，这两种在中国西南分布普遍，数量众多。在拉市海流域当地人主要利用云南大白花杜鹃做烧柴，故本种在靠近村落的云南松林中较少见。而腋花杜鹃则十分常见，很少为当地人利用。
Yunnan Pine Forest dominates the biggest area in the Lashihai region and usually occurs on the south faced slope bellow 3000m. R. racemosum and R. decorum are two species very common in it. They are also popular in SW China and abundant in quantity. People in the Lashihai region cut R. decorum as firewood, therefore there is not so many its plants in the pine forests near the villages. But the R. racemosum is very common as is not used by people.
寒温山地硬叶常绿栎类林在拉市海流域面积仅次于云南松林，多出现于海拔3000米以上东向山坡。有7种杜鹃生长于这种硬叶栎类林下亚层。在硬叶栎类林下，红棕杜鹃、露珠杜鹃和云南杜鹃较为普遍和常见，其它种则较少见，如紫玉盘杜鹃、亮叶杜鹃、卵叶杜鹃和假乳黄杜鹃等种，特别是卵叶杜鹃，极稀少，容易受到毁坏。假乳黄杜鹃属国家三级保护植物，此次调查仅有少量见于文海西边高山栎林与长苞冷杉林混合的边缘。这种寒温山地硬叶常绿栎类林虽然在流域内分布面积较广，但是也容易为当地人利用。因为高山栎是最好的薪炭原料，文海周围的村民就利用高山栎烧炭，在他们的观念中，高山栎砍倒后，树桩上还能长出幼枝，过上几年，又可以恢复成林。这是事实，但是对于原来生长在其林下的其它物种，特别是杜鹃花属种类，可能由于生境改变，如生境旱化，就会被淘汰出局。
Cold-Temperate Mountain Hard-leaf Evergreen Oak Forest is less than the Pine Forest, which usually occurs on east-faced slope above 3000m. There are 7 species of Rhododendron occurs in the sub-stratum of this kind of forest. R. rubiginosum, R. irroratum and R. yunnanense are more common species under the forest, but R. uvardianum, R. venicosum, R. callimophum and R. fictolacteatum are rare to see, esp. R. fictolacteatum very rare and very easy to be destroyed because the local people cut the oak tree and char them. Local people think that logging has less influences on the forest because the stumps will geminate again and for some years the forest will be back. It is true. But after the logging, the original habitats are inkling to dry, which result in the Rhododendron species could not survive.
温凉性针阔叶混交林（沟谷及背阴山坡）在拉市海流域分布面积较少，此次调查路线上见于洋芋场和文海至雪花途中的北向及东北向坡面。其中生长有团花杜鹃、红棕杜鹃等种。该地带人为活动频繁，对植被影响较大。
Temperate Needle and Broad Leaf Mixed Forest (valley or shaded slopes) occupies less area in the Lashihai region. It is found on the way to Yangyuchang and from Wenhai to Xuehua on the north faced and east faced slope. Among the forest R. anthosphaerum and R. rubiginosum is growing. There is a heavy impact on the forest due to human’s activities.
由于受人为活动影响，完整的丽江云杉林在拉市海流域内已经少见。除了洋芋场村寨后北向坡面有丽江云杉林与桦木混生的针阔叶混交林，此次调查路线上其它地方未见。其林下有团花杜鹃、红棕杜鹃等种。
The typical Lijiang Spruce Forest is hardly to see in the Lashihai region because of the human’s impact on it. We only found the Lijiang Spruce and Birch Mixed Forest on the north faced slope behind of the Yangyuchang. R. anthosphaerum and R. rubiginosum are growing in it.
长苞冷杉林在拉市海流域内分布面积也较少，此次调查仅见于洋芋场白头山-斑打花途中海拔3600米以上的地带，与棕背川滇杜鹃和腺房杜鹃组成群落。长苞冷杉自然枯死或人为砍伐以后余下的植被即是以棕背川滇杜鹃和腺房杜鹃为优势的杜鹃灌木林。白头山至斑打花一带的高山杜鹃园就是由棕背川滇杜鹃和腺房杜鹃为主组成的大面积杜鹃群落。
George Fir Forest also has a less area in the Lashihai region, which only was seen on the way from Baitoushan to Bandahua Yangyuchang above 3600m. It constitutes the Fir-Rhododendron Communities with R. traillianum and R. adenogynum. When the George Fir get died, then the alpine Rhododendron Communities is left which consist of R. traillianum and R. adenogynum. The called “Alpine Rhododendron Garden” From Baitoushan to bandahua is composed of these two species.
大果红杉林在拉市海流域内见于洋芋场村寨后海拔3400-3600米范围内的西向坡面，面积较少。与杜鹃组成群落。其中有山育杜鹃、棕背川滇杜鹃等种。该地带人为影响较少。
Larch Forest occurs on the west-faced slope behind of Yangyuchang between 3400-3600m in the Lashihai region, which consist of the Larch-Rhododendron Communities with R. oreotrephes, R. traillianum, etc. There is a less influence on the forest.
寒温灌丛在拉市海流域内分布于海拔3700米以上的高山灌丛地带。主要以多种小叶型的杜鹃花属种类构成高山杜鹃群落。出现种类有紫蓝杜鹃、缨草杜鹃、单色杜鹃、楔叶杜鹃、密枝杜鹃和棕背川滇杜鹃。其中紫蓝杜鹃、楔叶杜鹃和密枝杜鹃在滇西北其它地方少见，可列为保护目标。在寒温灌丛植被带，洋芋场的彝族百姓有一些放牧活动，但目前对植被的破坏及改变程度不大。
Cold-Temperate shrubs distributes in alpine area above 3700m in the Lashihai region. It is composed of some Rhododendron species with small-leaves, e.g. R. russatum, R. primulaefolium, R. tarpetiforme, R. cuneatum, R. fastigiatum and R. traillianum, etc. R. russatum, R. cuneatum and R. fastigiatum are rare to be seen in other places in NW Yunnan, which could be considered as the conservation targets in the Lashihai region. Now the Yi people have their cows and horses grazing in the that area, but the cattle do not eat these plants.
4. 拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物已知种类的保护意见及建议
Recommendations for Conservation Targets of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site
通过以上分析，我们对拉市海流域内杜鹃花属植物的保护提出如下两点意见及建议：
1、 重点保护在拉市海流域内数量稀少及特有程度较高的种类。推荐以下重点保护种类：卵叶杜鹃、假乳黄杜鹃、紫蓝杜鹃、楔叶杜鹃和密枝杜鹃。
2、 重点保护这些珍稀特有杜鹃种类生长的并且易受人为活动影响的植被类型。应该重点保护的植被类型是：寒温山地硬叶常绿栎类林、温凉性针阔叶混交林（沟谷及背阴山坡）。
Through the analysis above, we propose the following suggestions:
1. First to protect those species which are rare and endemic to narrower regions. Some proposed species are as follows: R. callimorphum, R. fictolacteatum, R. russatum, R. cuneatum and R. fastigiatum.
2. First to protect those vegegation types in which those rare and endemic Rhododendron species inhabit and which are easy to be destroyed by village people. They are 1 Cold-Temperate Mountain Hard-leaf Evergreen Oak Forest and 2 Temperate Needle and Broad Leaf Mixed Forest (valley or shaded slopes).
5.拉市海流域杜鹃花属植物标本数据库（见Excel文件）
Specimen Data Base of Rhododendron in the Lashihai Action Site
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