俞孔坚:北京市生态安全格局及城市增长预景
4 结论与讨论
(1)本研究强调生态安全格局在空间结构上的完整性和在生态系统服务上的综合性。作为向城市提供自然服务的生态基础设施,生态安全格局应将生态系统的各种服务,包括旱涝调节、生物多样性保护、休憩与审美启智,以及遗产保护等整合在一个完整的景观格局中,落实在土地上。
(2)本研究在景观安全格局和生态基础设施理论指导下,提出了城市生态安全格局的研究框架。运用GIS空间分析等技术,对区域关键的生态过程(包括非生物自然过程、生物过程和人文过程)进行垂直和水平分析,判别维护生态过程安全的关键性空间格局,并整合为具有综合功能的生态安全格局。本文的生态安全格局包含了其他相关景观过程的安全格局,目的是强调生态安全格局的重要性和作为其他景观过程和格局的基础。而通常情况下,生态安全格局可以被看作是整体景观安全格局的一部分。
(3)生态安全格局的研究成果可直接指导城乡空间布局和生态建设。将生态安全格局与城市总体规划、土地利用规划、限建区规划、城市“绿线”规划相结合,作为它们的科学基础和核心内容,是生态安全格局理论对城市规划的重要贡献。
(4)通过北京城市格局发展预景分析,可以证明生态安全格局途径是实现“精明的保护”与“精明的增长”的有效途径。城市扩张的预景揭示了如何在有限土地资源条件下,实现保护与发展和谐同步的可能性。研究证明进行生态环境保护并不在于必须牺牲很多或更多的建设用地,也不必以牺牲土地利用的经济价值为代价,而是可以通过科学合理的空间格局的设计,用尽可能少的土地,来获得尽量好的生态效益;这一预景还揭示了城市的空间格局是土地的生态过程和格局所界定的,而不应该用一个意象的城市空间形态来规划。这正是城市“反规划”的核心理念[43~44],即:城市的发展建设规划必须以生命土地的过程和格局为依据和基础,先做不建设规划,再根据社会经济发展需要进行建设用地规划和布局。
(5)到目前为止,生态学理论研究如何转化为应用仍处于探索阶段,在今后的研究中单一安全格局的构建以及边界的确定方法将是重点研究的问题,生态安全格局低、中、高三种安全水平的划分依据也值得继续探讨和完善。
致谢:
参与本次研究的还包括:曹燕群、陈春娣、佘依爽、孙齐、乔青、宋吉涛、李青、李婷、胡望舒、熊亮、姬婷、李云圣、汤敏、廖慧仪、胡佳文、钟晨等。
感谢北京市国土资源局张维,陶志红和规划勘测中心全体同仁在项目全程给予的大力支持!
感谢王放、冯永锋、张峻峰、武弘麟、韩光辉、韩茂莉、吕植等人的指导和帮助!
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